Sabtu, 02 November 2013
Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday, FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include those of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
Although Faraday received little formal education he was one of the most influential scientists in history.[1] It was by his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics.
Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena.[2][3] He similarly discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became practical for use in technology.
Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena.[2][3] He similarly discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became practical for use in technology.
As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, investigated the clathrate hydrate of chlorine, invented an early form of the Bunsen burner and the system of oxidation numbers, and popularised terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion. Faraday ultimately became the first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a lifetime position.
Faraday was an excellent experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in
clear and simple language; his mathematical abilities, however, did not
extend as far as trigonometry or any but the simplest algebra. James Clerk Maxwell
took the work of Faraday and others, and summarized it in a set of
equations that is accepted as the basis of all modern theories of
electromagnetic phenomena. On Faraday's uses of the lines of force,
Maxwell wrote that they show Faraday "to have been in reality a
mathematician of a very high order – one from whom the mathematicians of
the future may derive valuable and fertile methods."[4] The SI unit of capacitance, the farad, is named in his honour.
Albert Einstein kept a picture of Faraday on his study wall, alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell.[5] Physicist Ernest Rutherford
stated; "When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries
and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is
no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the
greatest scientific discoverers of all time".[6]
Early life
Faraday was born in Newington Butts,[7] which is now part of the London Borough of Southwark, but which was then a suburban part of Surrey.[8] His family was not well off; his father, James, was a member of the Glassite sect of Christianity. James Faraday moved his wife and two children to London during the winter of 1790 from Outhgill in Westmorland, where he had been an apprentice to the village blacksmith.[9]
Michael was born the autumn of that year. The young Michael Faraday,
who was the third of four children, having only the most basic school
education, had to educate himself.[10] At fourteen he became the apprentice to George Riebau, a local bookbinder and bookseller in Blandford Street.[11] During his seven-year apprenticeship he read many books, including Isaac Watts' The Improvement of the Mind,
and he enthusiastically implemented the principles and suggestions
contained therein. At this time he also developed an interest in
science, especially in electricity. Faraday was particularly inspired by
the book Conversations on Chemistry by Jane Marcet.[12]
| Biography Michael Faraday | |
|---|---|
Michael Faraday, 1861
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| Born | 22 September 1791 Newington Butts, England |
| Died | 25 August 1867 (aged 75) Hampton Court, Middlesex, England |
| Residence | United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Fields | Physics and Chemistry |
| Institutions | Royal Institution |
| Known for | Faraday's law of induction Electrochemistry Faraday effect Faraday cage Faraday constant Faraday cup Faraday's laws of electrolysis Faraday paradox Faraday rotator Faraday-efficiency effect Faraday wave Faraday wheel Lines of force |
| Influences | Humphry Davy William Thomas Brande |
| Notable awards | Royal Medal (1835 & 1846) Copley Medal (1832 & 1838) Rumford Medal (1846) |
Signature Reference: Wikipedia | |
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