`Umar ibn Al-Khattāb

Sabtu, 02 November 2013

Umar

 

'Umar, also spelled Omar (Arabic: عمر بن الخطاب, translit.: `Umar ibn Al-Khattāb, Umar Son of Al-Khattab, born 584- 589 CE – died 6 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs (rulers) in history.^[3] He was a sahābi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Caliph Abu Bakr (632–634) as the second Caliph of Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. He was an expert Islamic jurist and is best known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the title Al-Faruq ("the one who distinguishes between right and wrong"). He is sometimes referred to as Caliph 'Umar I by historians of Islam, since a later Umayyad caliph, 'Umar II, also bore that name.
Under Umar the Islamic empire expanded at an unprecedented rate ruling the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire. His attacks against the Sassanid Persian Empire resulted in the conquest of the Persian empire in less than two years. It was Umar, according to Jewish tradition, who set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed Jews into Jerusalem and to worship.

 

Early life

 Umar was born in Mecca to the Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration among the tribes. His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe of Banu Makhzum. He is said to have belonged to a middle-class family. In his youth he used to tend to his father’s camels in the plains near Mecca. His father was famed for his intelligence among his tribe. He was a High-class merchant and is believed to be a ruthless man and emotional polytheist who often treated Umar badly. As obvious from Umar's own statement regarding his father during his later political rule, Umar said, "My father Al-Khattab was a ruthless man. He used to make me work hard; if I didn't work he used to beat me and he used to work me to exhaustion."^[8]

Despite literacy being uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned to read and write in his youth. Though not a poet himself, he developed a love for poetry and literature.^[9] According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his teenage years, Umar learned martial arts, horse riding and wrestling. He was tall, physically powerful and was soon to became a renowned wrestler.^[9][10] Umar was also a gifted orator, and due to his intelligence and overwhelming personality, he succeeded his father as an arbitrator of conflicts among the tribes.^[11]

In addition, Umar followed the traditional profession of Quraish. He became a merchant and made several journeys to Rome and Persia, where he is said to have met the various scholars and analyzed the Roman and Persian societies closely. However, as a merchant he is believed to have never been successful.^[12][13] Drinking alcohol was very common among the Quraish, and Umar was also fond of drinking in his pre-Islamic days.^[14]

During Muhammad's era

 Umar's hostility to Islam

In 610 Muhammad started delivering the message of Islam. Umar, alongside others in Mecca, opposed Islam and threatened to kill Muhammad. He resolved to defend the traditional, polytheistic religion of Arabia. He was most adamant and cruel in opposing Muhammad and very prominent in persecuting the Muslims.^[15] Umar was the first man who resolved that Muhammad had to be murdered in order to finish Islam.^[16] Umar firmly believed in the unity of the Quraish and saw the new faith of Islam as a cause of division and discord among the Quraish.^[15]
Due to the persecution at the hands of the Quraish, Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Abyssinia. As a small group of Muslims migrated Umar felt worried about the future unity of the Quraish and decided to have Muhammad assassinated.^[17]

Biography Umar
Rashidun Caliphs Umar ibn Al-Khattāb - عُمر بن الخطّاب ثاني الخلفاء الراشدين
Islamic Empire During The Reign
Leader of the Faithful (Amir al-Mu'minin)
Full Name	'Umar bin al-Khattab (عمر بن الخطاب)
Reign	23 August 634 CE – 6 November 644 CE
Born	584 - 589 CE (45 BH)
Birthplace	Mecca, Arabia
Died	6 November 644 CE (26 Zulhijjah 23 AH)[1]
Deathplace	Medina, Arabia
Place of Burial	Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, Madinah
Predecessor	Abu Bakr
Successor	Uthman
Father	Khattab ibn Nufayl
Mother	Hantamah binti Khattab
Brother(s)	Zayd ibn al-Khattab
Sister(s)	Fatimah bint al-Khattab
Spouse(s)	• Zaynab bint Maz'un • Umm Kulthum bint Ali • Quraybah bint Abi Umayyah al-Makhzumi • Umm Hakim bint al-Harith ibn Hisham • Jamilah bint Asim ibn Thabit ibn Abi al-Aqlah • Atikah bint Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nufayl • Luhyah • Fukayhah
Son(s)	• `Abd Allah ibn `Umar • 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn 'Umar • 'Ubaid Allah ibn 'Umar • Zayd ibn 'Umar • Asim ibn Umar • Iyaad ibn 'Umar • 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn 'Umar • Az-Zubayr ibn Bakkar (Abu Shahmah)
Daughter(s)	• Hafsa bint 'Umar • Fatima bint 'Umar • Zaynab bint 'Umar
Descendants	Farooqui
Other Titles	Al-Farooq ("Distinguisher between truth and false") Amir al-Mo`mineen ("Commander of the Faithful") [2]		Reference: Wikipedia